ABSTRACT
Pyroptosis is a novel process of programmed inflammatory necrosis, which is closely related to microbial infections and autoimmune diseases. In recent years it has been proved that Gasdermin D is an executive protein of pyroptosis. Cleaved Gasdermin D leads to the formation of pores in cell membrane to induce pyroptosis, and the release of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-18 aggravates the occurrence of inflammatory responses. With the deepening of Gasdermin D research, it is gradually clear its protein structure and activation sites, which has other activation pathways apart from inducing inflammasome activation. Activation of Gasdermin D does not necessarily mean cell death, even if it could induce the formation of pores in cell membrane and regulation of inflammatory cytokine secretion. These findings offer insight into Gasdermin D function and change our understanding of pyroptosis and programmed necrosis. The recent progress of Gasdermin D is highlighted in this review.
ABSTRACT
One new and two known dammarane-type saponins were isolated from the leaves of Gynostemma pentaphyllum using various chromatographic methods. Their structures were identified by HR-ESI-MS,~( 1)H-NMR, ~(13)C-NMR, 2 D-NMR spectra as 2α,3β,12β,20,24(S)-tetrahdroxydammar-25-en-3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside(1, a new compound, namely gypenoside J5) and 2α,3β,12β,20,24(R)-tetrahdroxydammar-25-en-3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside(2) and 2α,3β,12β,20-tetrahydroxy-25-hydroperoxy-dammar-23-en-3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)][β-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-D-glucopy-ranoside(3), respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 were a pair of C-24 epimers. All compounds showed weak cytotoxicity agxinst H1299, HepG2, PC-3, SH-SY5 Y cancer cell lines. However, they exerted protective effect against SH-SY5 Y cellular damage induced by H_2O_2 dose-dependently, of which compound 1 displayed the strongest antioxidant effect. The present study suggested that G. pentaphyllum has antioxidative potential and the saponins from G. pentaphyllum are considered as the active compounds with neuroprotecitve effect.
Subject(s)
Gynostemma , Molecular Structure , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Saponins/pharmacology , Triterpenes/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Objective To explore the influence of nursing intervention on the pocket infection and other related problems following CRT-D therapy in chronic heart failure patients.Methods The causes of pocket machinery burst and skin incision dehiscence,pocket bleeding or hematoma and pocket infection following CRT-D therapy from March 2008 to March 2011 were reviewed,then analyzing and summarizing them to work out a detailed nursing interventions plan.During April 2011 to June 2013,nurses carried out the nursing intervention on patients who accepted CRT-D implantation.At last we compared the occurrence of pocket machinery burst and skin incision dehiscence,pocket bleeding or hematoma and pocket infection during the period of 6 months after CRT-D therapy between the two groups.Results After the implementation of nursing interventions,the incidence of pocket infection and other related problems following CRT-D therapy in chronic heart failure patients reduced significantly.Conclusions The interventions such as rigorous preoperative skin preparation,eliminating the potential factors of infection,intraoperative strict aseptic operation,choosing the appropriate position of pocket,the implementation of interventions to prevent bleeding,meticulous and rigorous postoperative nursing,providing healthy knowledge sufciently and strengthening follow-up,finding problems and solving them timely can prevent the pocket machinery burst and skin incision dehiscence,pocket bleeding or hematoma and pocket infection following CRT-D therapy effectively.